Understanding PFAS in Baby Formula: Key Questions Answered

A recent FDA survey of 312 infant formula samples found that the U.S. supply is largely safe, but traces of PFAS—known as 'forever chemicals'—were detected. This has raised concerns among parents. Below, we answer common questions about these findings, what they mean for your baby, and steps to consider.

What did the FDA find about PFAS in baby formula?

The FDA tested 312 samples of infant formula for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). They detected five different PFAS compounds, with PFOS being the most common—found in half of all samples. However, 95% of those samples contained less than 2.9 parts per trillion (ppt) of PFOS. The agency did not provide a detailed risk assessment for these levels, but emphasized that overall, the formula supply meets safety standards.

What exactly are PFAS and why are they called 'forever chemicals'?

PFAS are man-made chemicals used in products like nonstick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, and firefighting foams. They are called 'forever chemicals' because they do not break down easily in the environment or the human body. This persistence allows them to accumulate over time, leading to potential health risks. The EPA has identified several PFAS as contaminants of concern, and ongoing research links high exposure to various health issues.

How much PFOS was found in the formula samples?

Half of the tested samples contained PFOS, with levels ranging from below detection limits to a maximum of 2.9 ppt in 95% of those positive samples. Only a small fraction—about 5%—had levels above 2.9 ppt. To put this in perspective, the EPA’s health advisory level for PFOS in drinking water is 70 ppt, so the formula levels are much lower. However, no federal limit exists for PFAS in infant formula specifically.

What health risks are linked to PFAS exposure?

Higher levels of PFAS exposure have been associated with increased cholesterol, kidney and testicular cancer, reduced vaccine effectiveness, and thyroid problems. Infants are especially vulnerable because their bodies are still developing and they consume more food relative to body weight. While the levels found in formula are low, the cumulative effect from multiple sources (e.g., water, food) remains a concern. Experts stress that the benefits of formula feeding outweigh potential PFAS risks.

Is baby formula safe to use despite these findings?

Yes, the FDA concludes that the U.S. infant formula supply is largely safe. The detected PFAS levels are very low, and no immediate health risk has been identified. However, the agency acknowledges that further steps can be taken to reduce PFAS contamination. For example, manufacturers can source ingredients from less contaminated areas or improve processing methods. In the meantime, parents should follow safe formula preparation guidelines—like using filtered water if concerned about PFAS in tap water.

What can parents do to minimize PFAS exposure from formula?

While formula itself is safe, parents can reduce overall PFAS exposure by using low-PFAS bottled water or filtering tap water with a certified reverse osmosis system. Avoid heating formula in nonstick pans or plastic containers. Also, diversify your baby’s diet when they start solids, choosing fresh foods over packaged items. Breastfeeding (if possible) also lowers PFAS exposure, since breast milk generally contains fewer forever chemicals than formula, though both can have trace amounts.

Are there any regulations for PFAS in infant formula?

Currently, the FDA has not set a specific maximum level for PFAS in infant formula. The agency monitors contaminant levels and can take action if they pose a health risk. The recent survey is part of ongoing efforts to assess the baseline. Some states have proposed stricter PFAS limits for food, but federal rules remain under review. Advocacy groups urge the FDA to establish enforceable limits, similar to those for heavy metals like lead. Until then, manufacturers voluntarily test and adapt to reduce PFAS.